6th BRICS Summit: India’s PM Modi flies to Brazil

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has flown to Brazil to participate in the sixth annual BRICS summit.
The BRICS summit – a multilateral forum comprising of the upcoming economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – will be the first occasion that the Prime Minister will be interacting with world leaders after assuming office in May 2014.
The 2-day summit will be held in the cities of Fortaleza and Brasilia in Brazil.
 India’s key agendas for this summit:

1. BRICS BANK: The key agenda will be establishing a new development bank on the lines of the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. The idea was first talked about at the BRICS meet in New Delhi in 2012.

2. CONTINGENT FUNDS: With a corpus of $100 billion the proposed bank will finance projects for infrastructure projects in emerging, developing nations and will compete with the west dominated IMF and World Bank.

3. Who will host BRICS BANK:  With both India and China vying to host the headquarters for the proposed bank, the contentious issue will be discussed.

4. INDIA-CHINA on security: India is likely to take up the matter of security of India’s Northern and Eastern borders that it shares with China. PM Modi, who will have bilateral meetings with all BRICS leaders, will meet Chinese President, Xi Jinping.

The Basics of English Language

Grammar
	Articles "a/an and the"
-	Use of Articles "a/an and the"
	Sentence
	Sentence, Subject, Predicate, Object
	Kinds of Sentences        (According to function)
	The Phrase and The Clause -  Comparison
	Clause
	Types of Clauses
-	Main Clause and Subordinate Clause
	Types of Subordinate Clause
-	Noun Clause, Adjective Clause, Adverb Clause
	Phrase
	Types of Phrase
-	Noun Phrase, Adjective Phrase, Adverb Phrase, Verb Phrase, Gerund Phrase
-	Infinitive Phrase, Participle Phrase.
	Kinds of Sentences         (According to structure)

Parts of Speech
	Noun
-	Types of Noun: Proper and Common Noun,
-	Countable and Uncountable Nouns
	Verb
-	Forms of Verbs: Simple Form, Past Simple, Past Participle, Auxilliary Verbs
-	Main Verb and Auxilliary Verbs, Modal Verbs, Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Present Continuous Tense

It is used to express a continued or ongoing action at present time. It expresses an action which is in progress at the time of speaking. For example, a person says, “I am writing a letter”. It means that he is in the process of writing a letter right now. Such actions which are happening at time of speaking are expressed by present continuous tense. Present Continuous tense is also called Present progressive tense.

Rules. Auxiliary verb “am or is or are” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb + ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.

                                    Structure of sentence

Positive Sentence
    • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object
    • Subject + am/is/are + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object
If the subject is “I” then auxiliary verb “am” is used after subject in sentence.
If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “is” is used after subject in sentence.
If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “are” is used after subject in sentence.
The participle “ing” is added to the 1st form of verb i.e. going (go) writing (write)

Examples
        I am playing cricket.
        He is driving a car
        They are reading their lessons.

Negative Sentence
      • Subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object
      • Subject + am/is/are + not + (1st form of verb + ing) + object
Rules for using auxiliary verbs (am or is or are) after subject in negative sentences are same as mentioned above.

Examples.
         I am not playing cricket.
         He is not driving a car
         They are not reading their lessons.

Present Simple Tense

It is used to express an action in present time, habitual or usual actions or daily event or universal fact. It is used to express an action in present time which is usually done on a regular basis. For example a student says, “I go to school”. It is a daily activity of a student to go to school, so such actions are expressed by present simple tense. Another example is, “I work in a factory”. It tells about a usual action of a person that he works in a factory on regular basis.

Rules. 1st form of verb or base verb is used as main verb in sentence.

 

                         Structure of sentence – Rules

Positive Sentence
     • Subject + Main verb + Object
     • Subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object
Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” then “s” or “es” is added to the first form of verb or base form in the sentence.
Examples.
         I write a letter.
         He gets up early in the morning.
         Sun rises in east.

Negative Sentences
   • Subject + auxiliary verb +NOT + Main verb +object
   • Subject + Do not/Does not + 1st form of verb (or base form) + object
Examples.
         I do not write a letter.
         He does not get up early in the morning.
         Sun does not rise in east.

Note: In negative sentence auxiliary verb “do or does” along with “not” is used. If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun”, then “Does not” is used after subject in sentence. If subject is “I, we, they, you or plural” then “Do not” is used after subject in sentence. “s” or “es” is not added to main verb in negative sentence

What Is the Present Tense? (with Examples)

The present tense predominantly describes a current event or state of being. However, somewhat unusually, the present tense can also be used to describe past and future events (more on this below). For example:

• I jump in the lake every Saturday.
(present event)
• I am happy.
(present state of being)
• The meeting ends at 6 o'clock.
(future event)
(See "Uses" for Simple Present Tense in the table below.)
• A man walks into a bar. Ouch!
(past event)
(See "Uses" for Simple Present Tense in the table below.)

The tense of a verb is determined by when the action took place. The three main tenses are:

• past tense
• present tense
• future tense

Examples of the Types of Present Tense

The present tense is categorised further depending on whether the action is in progress or completed. The four present tenses are:

The 4 Present Tenses	Examples	Uses
simple present tense	I go. I like chocolate. The train gets in at 5 o'clock. A horse walks into a bar, and the barman says, "why the long face?"	The simple present tense is used: (1) To describe facts and habits. (2) To describe scheduled events in the future. (3) To tell stories to make your listener or reader feel more engaged with the story.
present_progressive tense	I am going. Barny is looking for the latest brochure.	The present progressive tense is used for an on-going action in the present.
present perfect tense	I have gone. David has worked alongside two of the world's finest scientists in the field of entomology.	The present perfect tense is used to describe actions that began in the past and are still continuing into the present.
present perfect progressive	I have been going. Amanda has been relying on a pay rise to pay her student loan.	The present perfect progressive tense is used for: (1) a continuous activity that began in the past and continues into the present, or (2) a continuous activity that began in past but has now finished (usually very recently).

Diagrams for the Four Present Tenses

The infographics below show how each present tense is formed and a quick overview of how each one is used:

Simple Present Tense

For example:

• I play every Tuesday

Cook traditional haleem at home

Ingredients
1 kg boneless meat- mutton or lamb
3 cups cracked wheat
4 tsp ginger-garlic paste
3 green chilies
5 teaspoons fresh grated
coconut
1 cup each urad, tur and chana daal
1 cup long grain basmati rice
1 tsp red chilli powder
¼ tsp turmeric powder
½ tsp black pepper corns
1 tsp chironji
1 teaspoon zafran
1 teaspoon jeera and shahijeera
1 teaspoon kebab chini
1 cinnamon stick,
2-3 cloves,
2-3 cardamom
1/2 cup ghee
1 cup fresh coriander leaves,
¼ cup fresh mint and
5-6 green chillies
Salt to taste
Oil and ghee as required

For the garnish
1 cup crispy golden fried onions
½ cup cashew nuts
5 teaspoons of onion flavored oil
1 lemon juliennes

Method
- First wash and soak the cracked wheat for at least half an hour. Then wash and clean the mutton thoroughly. Do not trim away any excess fat.

- Mix the mutton with ginger-garlic paste, ½ tsp salt, red chilli powder and turmeric powder.

Ramzan recipes: Scrumptious dishes by India's first MasterChef

Ingredients:

• 1 kg mutton
• ½ kg Basmati Rice
• 50 g Onions
• 25 g Ginger
• 25 g Garlic
• 1 tsp. Chilli powder
• 125 g Curd
• 50 g Balai
• 5 green Cardamom's
• 5 cloves
• 2 Blades Mac
• 50 g Almonds
• 10 g Cinnamon
• Salt to taste
• 1 tsp. saffron
• 2-3 drops Mitha ittr (sweet lttr)
• 200 g Ghee
• 1 tsp. Kewra Water

Method:

• The appropriate cuts of mutton for the biryani are those from the legs, neck chops.
• Wash and clean the mutton.
• Finely slice the onions.
• Extract juice of ginger and garlic and keep aside.
• Grind the cardamom's, cloves, mace and cinnamon and keep aside.
• Pick, wash and soak the rice for an hour.
• In a deep vessel fry the onions in ghee to golden brown colour in ghee. Remove and keep.
• Remove half the ghee and keep aside. In the remaining ghee add the almonds, mutton pieces, garlic-ginger extract, chilli powder, salt, ground masala, curd and sauté till the mutton turns to golden brown colour.